The Role of Spatial Planning in Geographical Defense with an Emphasis on Population

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Strategic Defense Sciences, Faculty of National Defense, National Defense University, Tehran, Iran

2 Associate Professor of Strategic Military Management, National Defense University, Tehran, Iran

3 PhD Candidate in Sacred Defense Strategic Studies

Abstract

Attention to the characteristics of physical geography and the spatial distribution of population across a country’s territory constitutes a significant component of national power. Beyond influencing regional and international dynamics, these factors also play a key role in territorial spatial planning. Effective spatial planning contributes to sustainable development and long-term security. From a defense perspective, population represents a strategic and vital element in spatial planning and national development. This study seeks to answer the question: What is the role of spatial planning in geographical defense with an emphasis on population? The research is developmental applied in purpose and adopts a descriptive–exploratory method with a mixed-methods analytical approach. Data were collected through document and literature review, as well as expert opinions obtained via interviews and focus group discussions. The findings identify key geographical defense factors with an emphasis on population, derived from spatial planning functions, and evaluate them within both national and transnational environments. The relative importance of these factors was determined using a Likert scale. Results indicate that spatial planning supports comprehensive defense by systematically examining the overall spatial characteristics of society and facilitating the balanced distribution of population and the strategic placement of cultural, social, economic, political, and military activities across the country. Furthermore, given Iran’s geopolitical position, attention to spatial planning particularly in coastal regions and islands can strengthen military strategy and national defense doctrine.

Keywords

Strategic Defense Studies
Volume 23, Issue 102
February 2026
Pages 69-100

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